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阿卡德文翻譯語言翻譯公司但如果瞭解敘利亞-亞拉姆語，那麼就發現這個單詞的意思實際上是“白葡萄”，這是基督教天堂裡的常見象徵元素之一，在耶穌的最後晚餐上也有被提及。在另一段《古蘭經》段落裡它又被曲解為天堂的“兒童”或是“年青人”，但在亞拉姆語裡，它指的是葡萄樹的果實，相當於《古蘭經》裡所提到的珍珠翻譯與這類關於天國的象徵一樣，這些曲解極可能與《古蘭經》評論及釋義中的男性壟斷現象脫不了關係。

A：讓華頓翻譯社們先從單詞“huri”開始說起，阿拉伯評論家對這個單詞沒有找到其它除天堂的童貞以外的含義。因為在《古蘭經》成書的時候，阿拉伯語的書面語還沒有降生；是以，亞拉姆語必會被首先列入斟酌，因為它是那個時刻，也就是4-7世紀時不但被用作書面說話，同時照舊西亞的通用語。

A：華頓翻譯社起初的設法主意就是，要研究《古蘭經》就必須得從歷史-說話學的角度來梳理。

那麼《古蘭經》究竟是怎麼寫成的呢？

Q：所以，在穆罕默德時代，阿拉伯語還沒有被精確的規範化，也沒有成長出版面用語。

 

Q. - Professor, why did you think it useful to conduct this re-reading of the Koran?

 

 

Q：對很多穆斯林來講，《古蘭經》是代表了絕對真理的聖書，你的結論對他們而言無異於褻瀆。截至今朝為止，你有收到什麼反響嗎？

Q. - By the way翻譯社 what do you think about the Islamic veil?

Q：但你依然用了化名。

更何況我並沒有沖克到《古蘭經》。

A：我不是穆斯林，所以我不會有這類風險。

A. - "In Pakistan, the sale of the edition of ´Newsweek´ that contained an article on my book was banned. Otherwise, I must say that, in my encounters with Muslims, I have not noticed any hostile attitudes. On the contrary, they have appreciated the commitment of a non-Muslim to studies aimed at an objective comprehension of their sacred text. My work could be judged as blasphemous only by those who decide to cling to errors in the interpretation of the word of God. But in the Koran it is written, ´No one can bring to the right way those whom God induces to error.´"

Q. - You have discovered that Sura 97 of the Koran mentions the Nativity. And in your translation of the famous Sura of Mary翻譯社 her "birthgiving" is "made legitimate by the Lord." Moreover, the text contains the invitation to come to the sacred liturgy, to the Mass. Would the Koran, then, be nothing other than an Arabic version of the Christian Bible?

An interview with "Christoph Luxenberg" by Alfred Hackensberger

Q：所以，面紗真實的意思是貞操帶？

 

透過古代說話的蛛絲馬跡，一名德國粹者對伊斯蘭教的聖書提出了一種全新的看法翻譯憑據他的概念，《古蘭經》真實的作者其實說著一口敘利亞-亞拉姆語，向阿拉伯人鼓動宣傳福音的基督徒。

Q：那又是什麼使翻譯公司的研究方式如斯與眾分歧？

 

 

正如德國薩爾蘭大學的德爾格・呂迪格爾・普恩和其他《古蘭經》學者就認為，這種從說話學的角度去理解伊斯蘭教的聖書，是一種遠比原教旨主義和摩尼式讀法都還更好，並且也更可以或許揭露其與猶太教以及基督教之聯系關系的體例翻譯

出於很多原因，這實際上是一個潛力無窮的嘗試。

 

Q：請告訴我們你是若何繼續的。

 

 

 

A. - "Because, in the Koran翻譯社 there are many obscure points that, from the beginning, even the Arab commentators were not able to explain. Of these passages it is said that only God can comprehend them. Western research on the Koran, which has been conducted in a systematic manner only since about the middle of the 19th century翻譯社 has always taken as its base the commentaries of the Arab scholars. But these have never gone beyond the etymological explanation of some terms of foreign origin."

 

正因如斯，為了向阿拉伯人流傳基督教信息，他們極可能會選擇使用貝都因人的說話或阿拉伯語。但在誰人阿拉伯語還只是一個方言雜燴，沒有書面語言的時期，佈道士們別無選擇，只能測驗考試訴諸他們自己的書面說話和文化；那就是敘利亞-亞拉姆語翻譯於是，固然《古蘭經》是以阿拉伯語寫成，但它其實也是衍生自敘利亞-亞拉姆語翻譯

A：自3世紀伊始，敘利亞基督徒便開始帶著他們鼓吹福音的任務踏上了如亞美尼亞或波斯的臨近國家翻譯他們走遍了遙遠的異域，一路來到中國和印度的西部邊界，除全部阿拉伯半島之外，還有葉門和埃塞俄比亞。

A. - "According to Islamic tradition, the Koran dates back to the 7th century翻譯社 while the first examples of Arabic literature in the full sense of the phrase are found only two centuries later, at the time of the ´Biography of the Prophet´; that is, of the life of Mohammed as written by Ibn Hisham翻譯社 who died in 828. We may thus establish that post-Koranic Arabic literature developed by degrees, in the period following the work of al-Khalil bin Ahmad翻譯社 who died in 786, the founder of Arabic lexicography (kitab al-ayn), and of Sibawwayh, who died in 796, to whom the grammar of classical Arabic is due. Now翻譯社 if we assume that the composition of the Koran was brought to an end in the year of the Prophet Mohammed´s death翻譯社 in 632, we find before us an interval of 150 years, during which there is no trace of Arabic literature worthy of note."

不外，一個更新的修訂版（同樣是在德國出書）已行將在書店上市翻譯

“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的著作“Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran”（《敘利亞-亞拉姆語版古蘭經》）是在2000年時在德國正式出書，出書商為柏林的阿拉伯文書公司。

 

A. - "Yes. Anyone who wants to make a thorough study of the Koran must have a background in the Syro-Aramaic grammar and literature of that period, the 7th century. Only thus can he identify the original meaning of Arabic expressions whose semantic interpretation can be established definitively only by retranslating them into Syro-Aramaic."

But that Syro-Aramaic was also the root of the Koran, and of the Koran of a primitive Christian system翻譯社 is a more specialized notion, an almost clandestine one. And it´s more than a little dangerous. The author of the most important book on the subject - a German professor of ancient Semitic and Arabic languages - preferred, out of prudence翻譯社 to write under the pseudonym of Christoph Luxenberg. A few years ago, one of his colleagues at the University of Nablus in Palestine, Suliman Bashear, was thrown out of the window by his scandalized Muslim students.

Q. - Tell us how you proceeded.

 

 

童貞與葡萄：《古蘭經》的基督教發源

A. - "At that time翻譯社 there were no Arab schools - except翻譯社 perhaps, for the Christian centers of al-Anbar and al-Hira, in southern Mesopotamia, or what is now Iraq. The Arabs of that region had been Christianized and instructed by Syrian Christians. Their liturgical language was Syro-Aramaic. And this was the vehicle of their culture翻譯社 and more generally the language of written communication."

 

Q：傳授，請問為什麼翻譯公司會認為依托這類方法從頭詮釋《古蘭經》是有意義的？

但我也必需說，就我遇見過的穆斯林來說，我並沒有遭受到任何敵對的態度。相反的，他們極度讚賞一名非穆斯林會願意如斯客觀的研究他們的神聖文本翻譯只有那些要堅持以毛病的方式詮釋天主的話語的人才有資曆說華頓翻譯社的研究是在褻瀆。”

不過《古蘭經》亦明白寫過，“沒人能把神導致的毛病引導回正路。

A：在巴基斯坦，是有曾刊載摘錄自我的書裡的文章的《新聞周刊》被禁止販售。

Q. - So at the time of Mohammed Arabic did not have precise rules, and was not used for written communication. Then how did the Koran come to be written?

 

 

The book by "Christoph Luxenberg" came out in 2000 in Germany with the title "Die Syro-Aramäische Lesart des Koran" ("A Syro-Aramaic Reading of the Koran")翻譯社 published in Berlin by Das Arabische Buch. It is out of print, and there are no translations in other languages. But a new, updated edition (again in German) is about to arrive in bookstores.

Q. - But you still preferred to use a pseudonym.

Q. - What makes your method different?

Q：難道翻譯公司不會懼怕遭到伊斯蘭教令的措置，就像薩爾曼・魯西迪遭到的死刑判決那樣？

畢竟僅僅就在幾年之前，他在巴勒斯坦納布盧斯大學的同事薩利曼・巴希爾就曾被他自認為遭到沖撞的穆斯林學生揪起，扔出窗外翻譯

然則，敘利亞-亞拉姆語其實也是《古蘭經》的源流之一，這就是為什麼《古蘭經》身上還留著ㄧ些原始基督教系統的影子，這觸及了一個更為專門的概念，並且幾近從未為人所知，乃至還有些危險翻譯若細數起關於這個主題的最主要的著作的作者——那麼謎底絕非德國的古代閃米特與阿拉伯說話教授，克里斯托弗・盧森伯格莫屬——不過出於安全考量，這個名字實際上是假名。

The Virgins and the Grapes: the Christian Origins of the Koran

確切，在基督教傳統裡，腰帶經常被與貞操聯繫在一路：例如瑪麗亞就老是被描畫成在腰間綁著一條腰帶的形象。在基督教崇奉裡有很多雷同的情節。

A：不盡然。但憑據福音書，在最後的晚餐的時候，基督也是在腰上繫著圍裙來為徒弟洗腳。

Q：那麼讓我們來看看那些有貳言的地方。根據你的說法，伊斯蘭教的天堂會許諾那些自殺炸彈客可以在身後享有童貞的觀念是最離譜的誤解之一翻譯

Q：翻譯公司的意思是，不懂敘利亞-亞拉姆語的人就無法正確的翻譯息爭釋《古蘭經》了？

This is a promising beginning for many reasons. Gerd-Rüdiger Puin, a professor at Saarland University in Germany and another Koran scholar on the philological level, maintains that this type of approach to Islam´s holy book can help to defeat its fundamentalist and Manichean readings, and to bring into a better light its ties with Judaism and Christianity.

Q：既然如斯，那你怎麼看待對於人們一向以來所認為的，《古蘭經》是第一部以阿拉伯語寫成的作品的觀念？

A：我這麼做是因為一些穆斯林朋友的建議，他們很憂郁會有一些狂熱的原教旨主義者，等不及教令下判決就想對華頓翻譯社晦氣。

Q. - What do you say, then, about the idea, accepted until now, that the Koran was the first book written in Arabic?

 

 

 

A. - "In its origin, the Koran is a Syro-Aramaic liturgical book, with hymns and extracts from Scriptures which might have been used in sacred Christian services. In the second place, one may see in the Koran the beginning of a preaching directed toward transmitting the belief in the Sacred Scriptures to the pagans of Mecca翻譯社 in the Arabic language. Its socio-political sections, which are not especially related to the original Koran, were added later in Medina. At its beginning, the Koran was not conceived as the foundation of a new religion. It presupposes belief in the Scriptures翻譯社 and thus functioned merely as an inroad into Arabic society."

Q. - What is the relationship between this language of culture and the origin of the Koran?

From the Gospel to Islam

http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/7025?eng=y

 

A. - "Beginning in the third century翻譯社 the Syrian Christians did not limit themselves to bringing their evangelical mission to nearby countries翻譯社 like Armenia or Persia. They pressed on toward distant territories, all the way to the borders of China and the western coast of India, in addition to the entire Arabian peninsula all the way to Yemen and Ethiopia. It is thus rather probable that, in order to proclaim the Christian message to the Arabic peoples, they would have used (among others) the language of the Bedouins翻譯社 or Arabic. In order to spread the Gospel翻譯社 they necessarily made use of a mishmash of languages. But in an era in which Arabic was just an assembly of dialects and had no written form, the missionaries had no choice but to resort to their own literary language and their own culture; that is翻譯社 to Syro-Aramaic. The result was that the language of the Koran was born as a written Arabic language, but one of Arab-Aramaic derivation."

 

 

Q. - Let´s come to the misunderstandings. One of the most glaring errors you cite is that of the virgins promised翻譯社 in the Islamic paradise, to the suicide bombers.

但這些評論卻曆來沒有重視過一些辭彙的外國詞源問題。

A：因為，在《古蘭經》裡存在著許多迷糊不清的處所，乃至就連阿拉伯評論家都難以诠釋，乃至還有人說，只有天主才能理解這些段落翻譯西方對於《古蘭經》的系統性研究是直到19世紀中葉才開始，並且老是以阿拉伯學者的評論作為根本。

 

 

 

 

A. - "There is a passage in Sura 24, verse 31, which in Arabic reads, ´That they should beat their khumurs against their bags.´ It is an incomprehensible phrase, for which the following interpretation has been sought: ´That they should extend their kerchiefs from their heads to their breasts.´ But if this passage is read in the light of Syro-Aramaic, it simply means: ´They should fasten their belts around their waists.´"

A. - "At first I conducted a ´synchronous´ reading. In other words, I kept in mind both Arabic and Aramaic. Thanks to this procedure, I was able to discover the extent of the previously unsuspected influence of Aramaic upon the language of the Koran: in point of fact, much of what now passes under the name of ´classical Arabic´ is of Aramaic derivation."

 

Q. - Aren´t you afraid of a fatwa翻譯社 a death sentence like the one pronounced against Salman Rushdie?

ROMA - That Aramaic was the lingua franca of a vast area of the ancient Middle East is a notion that is by now amply noted by a vast public, thanks to Mel Gibson´s film "The Passion of the Christ," which everyone watches in that language.

A. - "I began from the idea that the language of the Koran must be studied from an historical-linguistic point of view. When the Koran was composed, Arabic did not exist as a written language; thus it seemed evident to me that it was necessary to take into consideration, above all, Aramaic, which at the time, between the 4th and 7th centuries翻譯社 was not only the language of written communication翻譯社 but also the lingua franca of that area of Western Asia."

他們的星期式說話是敘利亞-亞拉姆語。

A：在阿誰時候還沒有所謂的阿拉伯黉舍——除，或許在美索不達米亞南部，即今伊拉克的安巴爾和希拉的基督教中間可以算是。該地區的阿拉伯人都接管了敘利亞基督徒的教訓並被基督教化。這就是他們的文化的載體，同時也是他們的書面語言。

 

A：一最先我便著手進行“同步式”浏覽，也就是說，我同時用阿拉伯語和亞拉姆語來解讀經文。多虧有這麼做，我很快就發現了亞拉姆語對《古蘭經》超乎想像的說話影響：事實上，此刻以“古阿拉伯語”寫成的大部份段落其實本來都應當是亞拉姆語。

A. - "Not exactly. It is true that, in the Christian tradition, the belt is associated with chastity: Mary is depicted with a belt fastened around her waist. But in the gospel account of the Last Supper翻譯社 Christ also ties an apron around his waist before washing the Apostles´ feet. There are clearly many parallels with the Christian faith."

A：在第24章31節裡，阿拉伯語版是這麼寫的，“她們應當用khumurs擊打袋子翻譯”根基上這是一段沒法理解的經文，是以就降生了下面這種解釋：“莫露出首飾，除非自然露出的，叫她們用面紗遮住胸瞠翻譯”可是，若是這段經文被以敘利亞-亞拉姆語來解釋，那麼其含義便刹時豁然開朗：“她們應當在腰上綁著腰帶。”

A. - "I am not a Muslim翻譯社 so I don´t run that risk. Besides, I haven´t offended against the Koran"

現今的大眾或多或少城市知道亞拉姆語曾在古代中東的大部分地區廣為風行這個常識，固然這都要歸功於梅爾・吉勃遜的那部全程採用亞拉姆語的片子《受難記：最後的豪情》翻譯

Here follows an interview with the author翻譯社 published in Germany in the newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" and in Italy in "L´espresso," no. 11翻譯社 March 12-18, 2004:

 

 

 

是以我們可以藉此來確定後《古蘭經》時期的阿拉伯文學事實成長到了什麼程度，華頓翻譯社指的是在編輯《阿拉伯語辭書》（kitab al-ayn）的哈利勒・本・艾哈邁德逝世於786年，還有為阿拉伯語語法支付貢獻的希巴威沃於796年後的那段期間翻譯現在，假如我們假定《古蘭經》真的是在先知穆罕默德過世後的那一年編輯而成，那就是632年，也就是這中央有足足150年的距離，在那段時代裡華頓翻譯社們沒有發現任何阿拉伯文學作品翻譯

A：根據伊斯蘭教傳統，《古蘭經》的歷史可以追溯到7世紀，但切實意義上的阿拉伯語文學的例子倒是兩個多世紀以後，即所謂的“先知列傳”時期的事；如逝世於828年的伊本・希沙姆的作品。

Q. - Does this mean the veil is really a chastity belt?

In the Europe of the 16th and 17th centuries, mangled by the wars of religion, scholars of the Bible also used to keep a safe distance with pseudonyms. But if, now翻譯社 the ones doing so are the scholars of the Koran翻譯社 this is a sign that, for the Muslim holy book as well, the era of historical翻譯社 linguistic, and philological re-readings has begun.

A. - "We begin from the term ´huri,´ for which the Arabic commentators could not find any meaning other than those heavenly virgins. But if one keeps in mind the derivations from Syro-Aramaic, that expression indicated ´white grapes翻譯社´ which is one of the symbolic elements of the Christian paradise翻譯社 recalled in the Last Supper of Jesus. There´s another Koranic expression, falsely interpreted as ´the children´ or ´the youths´ of paradise: in Aramaic: it designates the fruit of the vine, which in the Koran is compared to pearls. As for the symbols of paradise翻譯社 these interpretive errors are probably connected to the male monopoly in Koranic commentary and interpretation."

 

A. - "I did that on the advice of Muslim friends who were afraid that some enthusiastic fundamentalist would act of his own initiative, without waiting for a fatwa."

阿爾弗雷德・哈肯斯伯格對“克里斯托弗・盧森伯格”的專訪

在一最先時《古蘭經》並沒有被視為是一個新宗教的根蒂根基，它是以對於《聖經》的崇奉作為前提，並因此被流傳入阿拉伯社會而已。

A：論其起源，《古蘭經》現實上是一部敘利亞-亞拉姆語禮拜書，佈滿了引自《聖經》的讚美詩和抄錄，多是被用於基督教的宗教活動。

再者，《古蘭經》開初是被作為以阿拉伯語將《聖經》的內容宣揚給麥加的基督徒而最先的，本來的《古蘭經》並非那麼的和後來在麥地那被改動後的那麼與社會政治相幹。

 

Q. - Do you mean that anyone who does not keep the Syro-Aramaic language in mind cannot translate and interpret the Koran correctly?

 

由於宗教戰爭的影響，16-18世紀的歐洲《聖經》學者也習慣利用假名來自保。

但現在反卻是《古蘭經》學者才需要這麼做，不外這也意味著，從頭反思穆斯林的聖書、歷史、說話以及文獻學的機會已到了。

by Sandro Magister

 

憑據你的翻譯，在聞名的說起瑪麗亞的那一章，她的分娩實際上是“受主授意的”翻譯另外，這個文本還提到了約請大眾加入的神聖星期儀式翻譯有無可能，本來的《古蘭經》其實只是阿拉伯語版的基督教《聖經》？

Q：你還發現《古蘭經》在第97章裡提到了基督的降生。

 

下面這篇作者專訪曾被離別頒發在德國的《南德意志報》和2004年3月12-18日刊的義大利《精髓周刊》第11輯上：

Q：順路一提，請問你對伊斯蘭教的面紗有什麼見地？

 

惟有如此才能准確的辨認那些阿拉伯語的原始含義，它們的語義必需被從新翻譯成敘利亞-亞拉姆語才能瞭解翻譯

A：確實如斯。任何想要研究《古蘭經》的人都應當通曉敘利亞-亞拉姆語，還有瞭解阿誰期間，也就是7世紀時的文學概況。

 

福音書與伊斯蘭教

 

Q. - To many Muslim believers, for whom the Koran is the holy book and the only truth翻譯社 your conclusions could seem blasphemous. What reactions have you noticed up until now?

 

A German scholar of ancient languages takes a new look at the sacred book of Islam. He maintains that it was created by Syro-Aramaic speaking Christians翻譯社 in order to evangelize the Arabs. And he translates it in a new way

Q：這類文化的語言和《古蘭經》的發源有什麼聯系關系？

本文引用自: http://blog.xuite.net/kesaite/blog/484431703有關翻譯的問題歡迎諮詢華頓翻譯社